Littafin lantarki fayil ne na dijital wanda ke ɗauke da littafi ko wani aiki da aka buga. Ana kiransa ebook, sunan da aka samo daga kalmar Turanci "electronic book." Da farko, kalmar "ebook" galibi ana amfani da ita ne da "na'urori masu iya karanta littattafan lantarki," kuma wannan rudanin yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar gajerun kalmomi da yawa da ke kewaye da tsarin ebook. A halin yanzu, mutane kaɗan ne suka san ainihin waɗanne tsare-tsare ne suka dace da Kindle, wani mai karanta littattafan lantarki wanda mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyau.
Ba duk masu karanta e-reader za su iya karanta iri ɗaya ba . Yawanci, kowane mai ƙera ya ƙunshi tsari ɗaya ko biyu na mallakar fasaha ban da tsarin da aka fi sani, wanda ba a buɗe ba. Daga cikin waɗannan tsarin da aka fi sani, mafi shahara sune EPUB, tsarin ebook mai buɗewa, TXT, PDF, da DOC. Dangane da tsarin mallakar fasaha da manyan masana'antun suka haɗa, yawanci ya dogara da kamfanin, amma duk an samo su ne daga tsarin EPUB kuma an gyara su. Rashin kyawunsu shine idan ka sayi ebook daga kantin sayar da littattafai, sai dai idan kana da kwafin tsari kyauta, ba za ka iya karanta shi akan mai karatu daga wani kantin sayar da littattafai ba.
Waɗannan kurakuran suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin lamarin Amazon, wanda masu karatu, " Babu samfuran da aka samu," suna karanta ƙayyadadden adadin littattafan ebooks, huɗu daga cikinsu tsarin Amazon ne . Waɗannan tsarin sune Kindle Format 7, Kindle Format 8, MOBI, da PRC . Waɗannan tsarin ko dai sabuntawa ne, kamar MOBI ko Kindle Format 7, ko kuma suna amfani da tsarin Epub na yau da kullun a matsayin tushe. Kyakkyawan misali na ƙarshen zai zama Kindle Format 8. Amma bari mu yi la'akari da waɗannan tsarin sosai.
Tsarin Kindle 7 ko kuma aka sani da AZW
Wannan tsarin Kindle wani ingantaccen sigar tsarin mobi ne. A shekarar 2008, Amazon ta sayi Mobipocket, tare da dukkan haƙƙin mallaka da samfuran kamfanin. Duk da cewa wannan ba babban kuɗi ba ne, ya haɗa da abin da Amazon ta fi daraja: haƙƙin mallaka na tsarin ebook, musamman tsarin mobi. Tsarin mobi yana ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idar OpenBook , wanda ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar gidan yanar gizo ta XML. Bayan siyan, Amazon ta karɓi tsarin, tana girmama duk ƙa'idodi da ayyukanta, kuma ta aiwatar da nata software na DRM (Digital Resource Management), wanda ke iyakance amfani da ebook zuwa takamaiman asusu ko na'ura don dalilai na kasuwanci. Haka aka haifi Kindle Format 7, ko AZW,.
Tare da lokaci, Amazon eReaders ya samo asali kuma tare dasu tare da software da kuma sifofin da zasu iya kunna, wannan shine yadda zamu iya ganin Kindle Format 8.
Tsarin Kindle 8 ko AZW3
Juyin halittar Kindle Format 7 ne; ba wai kawai ya ƙunshi tsarin MOBI tare da layin DRM ba, amma ya fi haka. Kindle Format 8, ko AZW3, ebook ne wanda ke bin ƙa'idar EPUB3 , wanda yake ƙara DRM, kuma an haɗa shi da fayil ɗin AZW ko Kindle Format 7 don dacewa da na'urorin da ke karanta tsohon tsarin. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri tsarin MOBI da Kindle Format 7, daidaita tsarin EPUB har yanzu yana cikin ƙuruciya kuma yana da ɗan rikitarwa, don haka Amazon bai yi ƙoƙarin shiga wannan tsarin ba har sai zuwan AZW3. AZW3 ba ya amfani da ikon HTML5 gaba ɗaya, saboda baya goyan bayan wasu sabbin alamomi kuma yana ci gaba da amfani da wasu tsoffin. Bugu da ƙari, bai cika bin ƙa'idar CSS3 ba; wasu abubuwa, kamar layin bango mai gyara, sun karya CSS3.
Tsarin Kindle Mobi
Tare da waɗannan tsare-tsaren Kindle, Kindle eReaders suma suna tallafawa tsarin mobi, kodayake yana wakiltar mafi girman ɓangaren Amazon, wannan tsarin yana ci gaba da kasancewa kuma Amazon yana ci gaba da tallafawa shi a cikin eReaders. Tabbas, kawai tsarin da ba shi da DRM, kamar yadda Amazon ya ƙayyade. Duk da haka Mobi mara DRM yana da matakan kariya da yawa tun lokacin da kamfanin Mobipocket ya kirkireshi ya wakilci tsarin ebook na biyu da suka kirkira.
PRC
Na farko daga waɗannan tsare-tsaren da Amazon ya saya tare da siyan kamfanin kuma ya watsa wa masu karatu shine tsarin prc. Prc tsari ne mai sauki kwatankwacin tsarin mobi amma ba tare da matakan kariya ba, don haka a halin yanzu duk masu karanta karatun mobi suna iya karanta tsarin prc. Yana da matukar wuya a ga littattafan lantarki a cikin wannan tsarin, aƙalla mafi yawan waɗanda suke yanzu, amma tunda babu sauya fasalin tsari na kundin Kindle, ya zama dole a adana wannan tsohuwar hanyar a cikin masu karatu, aƙalla don karanta tsofaffin littattafan.
Baya ga tsarin nasa, na'urorin Kindle suna tallafawa wasu tsare-tsare mallakar wasu kamfanoni ko kuma waɗanda aka ba su lasisi a ƙarƙashin GPL . Daga cikin waɗannan, PDF ya fi fice. Duk da cewa ba tsarin ebook ba ne kawai, yana aiki sosai don karantawa. PDF na Adobe ne, kuma a taƙaice, Portable Document Format, yana nufin babban fasalinsa: ɗaukar hoto. Duk da cewa Adobe shine babban mai haɓaka wannan tsarin, a cikin 2008 ya fitar da shi a matsayin tushen buɗewa, ya shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Daidaitawa don haka ya zama tsarin buɗewa. Wannan ya sa tsarin PDF da ɗaukar hoto suna aiki sosai akan eReaders na Amazon; duk da haka, girman allo, wanda a halin yanzu bai wuce inci 9,7 ba, yana sa karatu ya yi wa wasu mutane wahala. Da farko, an magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Kindle mafi girma, sanannen Kindle DX, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da wannan eReader don amfani da wasu hanyoyi kamar canza takaddun PDF zuwa tsarin EPUB ko kawai inganta PDF zuwa girman allo.
Kindle kuma yana goyan bayan tsofaffin tsare-tsare, kamar TXT da HTML . TXT shine mafi sauƙi a duniyar kwamfuta. Da yawa daga cikinmu sun yi aiki da wannan tsari; shine tsarin da Windows Notepad ke amfani da shi. Duk da haka, karanta takarda a cikin wannan tsari, kamar littafi, yanzu aiki ne mai wahala saboda baya goyan bayan tsarin rubutu ko zaɓuɓɓukan gyarawa na asali.
Na biyu cikin tsare-tsaren, html, shi ne tsarin da ake amfani da shi a Yanar gizo kuma duk wani mai bincike zai karanta shi. A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan wannan harshe guda biyar. Kindle eReaders ne kawai ke iya karanta tsarukan farko na farko, na karshe, html5, kawai zai iya gane su ne, tunda daidaituwar ta kwanan nan. Kodayake tsari ne wanda ya fi txt yawa, html ba ingantaccen tsari bane don karanta littattafan lantarki. Karatun wannan tsarin yana bamu damar duba shafukan yanar gizo a kan wutarmu da kuma bi ta wata hanyar burauzar da Amazon ya gabatar a cikin na'urorinsu. Koyaya, wannan ba zai bamu damar karanta takardu waɗanda aka saka a cikin wasu fasahohin yanar gizo kamar walƙiya ko wasu fannoni na javascript ba.
Sabbin masu karanta Kindle sun haɗa da tallafi don karanta tsarin DOC da DOCX . Waɗannan tsare-tsare, waɗanda Microsoft Word ya samar, madadin littattafai ne mai kyau ga littattafan ebooks da aka ƙirƙira a tsarin TXT. Ba kamar TXT ba, takardun DOC da DOCX suna ba mu damar samun littafin da aka gyara kuma aka tsara shi kafin a karanta shi. Duk da haka, waɗannan tsare-tsare guda biyu ba a yi su don littattafan ebooks ba ne, don haka amfani da su yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa ga kowane mai karatu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan rashin nasara shine girman fayil. Idan muka duba girman littattafan ebooks a cikin tsarin AZW da AZW3, ba shi da girma sosai, yawanci kusan ya wuce megabytes biyu. Duk da haka, littafin ebook a cikin tsarin DOC ko DOCX na iya zama har sau uku mafi girma, wanda hakan ke sa ya fi wahala ga Kindle ya sarrafa da amfani da shi.
Injin lantarki na eReaders, ma'ana, Kindle, na iya maimaita hotuna, kodayake ba su da launi, idan ana iya nuna bambancin da canjin yanayin. Wannan a cikin Kindle na baya-bayan nan, wanda ke da sabon fasahar allo na tawada na lantarki da kuma babban ƙuduri, an yaba sosai. Idan abin da muke son gani hotuna ne akan Kindle Fire, ban da abin da ke sama muna da damar ganin hotunan a launi. Tsarin hoto suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta, amma babu Kindle da zai iya karanta duk tsarukan. Abu mai kyau game da wannan shine Amazon ya kula sosai saboda masu karanta shi su iya karanta shahararrun hotunan hotuna. Don haka, sifofin hoton da zai tallafawa sune jpg, png, bmp, gif.
Tsarin ebook wanda Kindle Fire zai iya karantawa
Ana iya ɗaukar na'urorin Kindle Fire a matsayin nau'i na biyu na mai karanta Kindle, kodayake babu wanda ya kira su haka. Iyalin na'urorin Kindle Fire suna kama da kwamfutar hannu, amma manhajarsu ta fi mayar da hankali ga masu karatu; har ma girman allo na na'urorin da ke akwai an zaɓi su don samar da ƙarin jin daɗi ga mai karatu.
Wutar Kindle tana dauke da wata sigar Android da kamfanin Amazon na kanta ya kirkira, ana kiran wannan tsarin aikin FireOS. Gabaɗaya, ana iya cewa kasancewar kwamfutar hannu da kuma samun Android, Kindle Fire na iya tallafawa kowane irin tsari, amma Amazon daga ƙirar farko ya sami damar girka kowane app daga Play Store, don haka zamu iya karanta tsarin da Amazon ya gaya mana sai dai idan mun yi lamuran software na Amazon.
Da farko, yayin da muke siyan wutar mu ta Kindle kuma muna kunna ta, za mu iya karanta kowane irin ebook ɗin da muka ambata a sama, amma kuma za mu iya karanta wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa duk da cewa ba su da dangantaka da ebook, za su kasance daga babban taimako don sanin lokacin amfani da littattafan hulɗa.
A cikin 'yan watannin nan, Amazon ya ƙara sabis ɗin mai Sauraro zuwa tsarin halittu. Wannan ya sanya na'urori waɗanda ke da allo wanda ba e-tawada ke iya kunna tsarin sauti ba, musamman ma tsare-tsaren aikace-aikacen da ake ji, wanda aax.
Audible yana ɗaya daga cikin sabbin tsare-tsare da Amazon ta gabatar wa na'urorin LCD ko na'urorin nuna launi. Waɗannan na'urori sun fi eReaders ƙarfi, wanda ke ba su damar tallafawa nau'ikan tsare-tsare iri-iri, ba wai kawai waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don ebooks ba, har ma da tsare-tsaren da ke ba da damar yin amfani da bidiyo, sauti, da kuma cikakken bincike na yanar gizo.
Daga cikin sifofin bidiyo, mkv da mp4 sun yi fice, kodayake suma sun karanta 3gp da vp8 (webm). A cikin tsarukan sauti, ban da tsarin aax, suma suna iya kunna mp3 file, OGG file, sigar odiyo kyauta wanda zai iya zama kwatankwacin mp3 da fayilolin gargajiya tare da fadada WAV.
Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, zamu iya canza software na Kindle Fire, ko dai ta hanyar ƙara ƙa'idodi tare da apk ko ta hanyar kutsawa kwamfutar hannu. A magana ta biyu, Amazon baya da alhakin garantin, don haka ba a ba da shawarar yin hakan ba don samun karanta ebook a cikin tsarin epub, amma a cikin ta farko, ana iya yin hakan kuma zai bamu damar ƙara sabbin hanyoyin ebook. kamar tsarin Epub. Wutar Kindle dinmu za ta gane wannan idan muka girka aikace-aikace kamar Aldiko ko FbReader. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ana iya samunsu a cikin shagon Google, a cikin shagon Amazon har ma da gidan yanar gizon sa, don haka samun sa yana da sauƙi kuma girkewa yana da sauƙin aiwatarwa. Da zarar an samo app ɗin, sai mu adana shi a kan kwamfutar hannu sannan mu sanya alama a kan zaɓi "girka daga kafofin da ba a sani ba" wanda zai ba mu damar shigar da duk wata manhaja da muke so.
Waɗannan su ne, a takaice, tsarin Kindle da Amazon eReaders ke tallafawa, kuma ina faɗin haka ne a sarari domin ba mu shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai na fasaha da za su rikitar da mai karatu na yau da kullun wanda kawai yake son sanin ko zai iya karanta littattafan ebooks da yake da su a Kindle ba.
Muna fatan cewa da duk wannan bayanin, yanzu kun fahimci tsarin da Kindle ke karantawa, amma idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi, ku bar mana sharhi.