e-Ink: duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da allo e-reader

Fuskokin fuska suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hulɗar yau da kullun da fasaha, kuma suna iya lalata gani ko haifar da gajiyawar ido, da sauran matsaloli. Don kada hakan ya faru yayin da kuke jin daɗin karanta eBook ɗin da kuka fi so, yakamata ku zaɓi allo tare da wannan fasaha da muke ba ku labarin yau. Daga cikin fasahar nuni iri-iri da ake da su, e-Ink fuska, ko lantarki tawada, sun sami karbuwa saboda nau'ikan sifofi na musamman, suna haɓaka ƙwarewar mai karatu da sanya shi kusa da karantawa akan takarda gwargwadon iko.

Amma… shin da gaske kun san menene su?

Menene e-Ink ko ePaper?

Ana iya kiransa da sunaye daban-daban, kamar takardar lantarki ko ePaper, ko kuma aka sani da tawada na lantarki ko e-ink. Ko da kuwa abin da kuke kira, nau'in panel ɗin nuni ne wanda ke kwatanta kamannin tawada na yau da kullun akan takarda. Ba kamar filayen lebur na al'ada waɗanda ke fitar da haske ba, nunin e-paper yana nuna hasken yanayi, kamar takarda. Wannan zai iya sa su zama mafi dacewa don karantawa da samar da kusurwar kallo fiye da yawancin nunin haske. Matsakaicin bambanci akan nunin lantarki da ake samu yana kusanci na jarida, kuma sabbin nunin nuni sun fi ɗan kyau. Ana iya karanta ingantaccen allon e-paper a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye ba tare da hoton ya bayyana yana shuɗe ba, kamar yadda ya faru da wasu na'urori da yawa kamar allunan, wayoyin hannu, kwamfutoci, da sauransu.

Yawancin fasahar e-paper kiyaye rubutu da hotuna na tsaye har abada ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Wannan kuma ya sa su dace da na'urorin hannu waɗanda suka dogara da baturi, don haka za ku iya tsawaita ikon cin gashin kai na kwanaki ko makonni, dangane da yawan amfani da kayan aikin na'urar.

Yadda e-Ink ko ePaper ke aiki

Ba za a iya gama shi ba game da hanyar yin aikin tawada na lantarki, ko e-ink, tun da akwai fasahohi da yawa kuma kowannensu yana aiki daban, kamar yadda za mu gani nan gaba a sashin nau'ikan. Amma misali, Ta hanyar electrophoresis lokacin da ake amfani da filin lantarki zuwa microcapsule, ɓangarorin da aka caje suna motsawa zuwa ga na'urar da aka caje. Misali, idan wutar lantarki ta kasa ta tabbata, bakar barbashi za su koma kasa sannan fararen barbashi za su yi sama.

• Microcapsules: Sun ƙunshi miliyoyin microcapsules, kowannensu kusan faɗinsa ɗaya da gashin ɗan adam. Kowane microcapsule yana ƙunshe da ɓangarorin da aka caje wanda aka rataye a cikin ruwa mai tsabta. Ana rarraba waɗannan capsules a ko'ina cikin duka panel ko allo. A cikin kowane microcapsule akwai fararen barbashi waɗanda ke ɗauke da caji mai kyau da baƙar fata waɗanda ke ɗauke da caji mara kyau. Aiki mai sauƙi, an daidaita su bisa ga cajin lantarki don nuna rubutu da hoto, cikin baki da fari. Ta wannan hanyar zaku iya ganin dige baki ko fari ko pixel ...

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan nunin e-ink shine su bistability. Wannan yana nufin cewa da zarar an yi hoto, ba a buƙatar kuzari don kiyaye shi. Hoton zai kasance akan allon koda lokacin da aka cire wutar lantarki. Saboda haka ƙarancin amfani idan aka kwatanta da allo na al'ada.

A zamanin yau, fasaha ta ci gaba, don haka akwai kuma allon launi, mafi ci gaba, kuma hakan na iya nuna launuka masu yawa, don nuna hotuna daga littattafai, wasan kwaikwayo, da sauransu.

A kadan tarihi

Ko da yake yana iya zama kamar kwanan nan, gaskiyar ita ce, tarihin waɗannan fuska ya koma baya 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, musamman zuwa shekarun 1970, lokacin da Nick Sheridon, daga Cibiyar Bincike na Xerox Palo Alto, ya haɓaka. takarda ta farko ta lantarki mai suna Gyricon. Wannan sabon abu ya ƙunshi nau'ikan polyethylene waɗanda zasu iya jujjuyawa cikin yardar kaina, suna nuna gefen fari ko baƙar fata dangane da polarity na ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da su, don haka haifar da bayyanar firikwensin baƙar fata ko fari mai sarrafa lantarki.

Duk da wannan ci gaba, ra'ayin karamin allo wanda ya kwaikwayi takarda bai samu ba sai bayan shekaru da yawa. Was Masanin kimiyya Joseph Jacobson, yayin da yake karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Stanford, wanda ya yi tunanin wani littafi mai shafuka da yawa wanda za'a iya canza abinda ke ciki tare da tura maɓalli kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin ƙarfi don aiki.

Neil Gershenfeld ne ya dauki Jacobson aiki zuwa MIT Media Lab a 1995. A can, Jacobson ya dauki daliban MIT biyu masu digiri na biyu, Barrett Comiskey da JD Albert, don ƙirƙirar fasahar nunin da ta dace. don tabbatar da hangen nesanku ya zama gaskiya.

Farkon mayar da hankali shine ƙirƙirar kananan sassa masu rabin farare rabin kuma baki, kamar Gyricon na Xerox. Duk da haka, wannan hanya ta zama babban ƙalubale. A lokacin gwaje-gwajensa, Albert ya ƙirƙiri wasu farar fata da gangan. Comiskey yayi gwaji tare da lodawa da sanya waɗannan fararen barbashi cikin microcapsules gauraye da rini mai duhu. Sakamakon shine tsarin microcapsules wanda za'a iya amfani da shi a kan wani wuri kuma a caje shi da kansa don ƙirƙirar hotuna na baki da fari.

En 1996, MIT ta gabatar da takardar shaidar farko don nunin lantarki na microencapsulated. An yi la'akari da fa'idar nunin electrophoretic microencapsulated da yuwuwar sa don biyan buƙatun aikace-aikacen takarda na lantarki a matsayin babban ci gaba, tare da ra'ayi don amfani da na'urorin karatu, da sauransu. Duk da haka, fasahar har yanzu tana da farko a wannan lokacin, kuma nunin launi na irin wannan ba ya wanzu.

A cikin 1997, Albert, Comiskey da Jacobson, tare da Russ Wilcox da Jerome Rubin. ya kafa E-Ink Corporation, watanni biyu kafin kammala karatun Albert da Comiskey. Tun daga wannan lokacin, fasahar e-Ink ta ci gaba da haɓakawa, gano aikace-aikace a cikin na'urori daban-daban da canza hulɗar mu tare da fasahar dijital…

Wannan kamfani Kamfanin Taiwan wanda ke kera da rarraba allo electrophoresis, ya amfana daga ƙungiyoyi da yawa don zama masu rinjaye a fannin. Alal misali, a cikin 2005, Philips ya sayar da kasuwancin e-paper ga Prime View International (PVI), wani masana'anta da ke Hsinchu, Taiwan. A cikin 2008, E Ink Corp. ya sanar da yarjejeniyar farko da PVI za ta saya akan dala miliyan 215, adadin da ya kai dala miliyan 450 bayan tattaunawa. An samu E-Ink bisa hukuma a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2009. Siyan da PVI ta saya ya faɗaɗa sikelin samarwa don nunin e-takardar e-takarda. PVI ta sake suna E Ink Holdings Inc. bayan siyan. A cikin Disamba 2012, ta sami SiPix, wani kamfani na nuni na lantarki, don ƙarfafa jagorancinsa a yau.

e-Ink Screen Applications

Tare da ci gaba da balaga da wannan fasaha, kamfanoni da yawa sun fara haɓaka ko samun nau'ikan allo na irin wannan daga masu samar da su don amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikacen da yawa, duk da cewa an fi saninsu da masu gini, amma gaskiyar ita ce an yi ƙoƙari kuma aikace-aikace a wasu sassa:

• Fuskoki masu sassauƙa: tun da wannan fasaha ya dace da kyau ga madaidaitan bangarori da kuma waɗanda za a iya lankwasa su. Misali, ana iya amfani da shi don wasu na'urori masu sassauƙa na hannu ko masu sawa, kamar Motorola F3 mai arha, Samsung Alias ​​​​2, YotaPhone, Hisense A5c, waɗanda ke amfani da allon e-Ink maimakon LCD, ko kuma Seiko's Spectrum. SVRD001, Sharp Pebble, da dai sauransu.
• masu shiryawa: kamar yadda muka ambata, kamar waɗanda muke da su a wannan shafi, daga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan, Sony, Kindle, Kobo, Onyx, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, akwai riga duka biyu na al'ada allo da tabawa, kazalika da launi fuska ko fuska kula da lantarki alkalama.
• Kwamfutoci da masu lura da PC: Ko da yake ba kowa ba ne, an yi wasu samfura na musamman, irin su Lenovo ThinkBook Plus, tare da allon e-Paper. Mun kuma ga yawancin allunan Android waɗanda ke amfani da irin wannan nau'in allo, don yin na'urori 2-in-1 ko hybrids tsakanin eReader da kwamfutar hannu.
• jaridun lantarki: Flemish daily De Tijd ya kuma rarraba sigar lantarki ta jaridar ta takarda a cikin iyakataccen siga, ta amfani da sigar farko ta iRex iLiad. Wasu misalai zasu zo daga baya.
• Smart Cards da na'urorin haɗi- Wasu katunan wayo kuma za su iya amfani da irin wannan nau'in nunin e-ink don ƙarancin amfani, kamar waɗanda Nagra ID ke ƙerawa da haɓaka ta Innovative Card Technologies da nCrypton. An kuma yi amfani da su don wasu abubuwan da ke kewaye, irin su pendrives na USB tare da fuska.
• Dashboards na jama'a: Hakanan ana iya amfani da su don rage yawan amfani da na'urorin lantarki ko allon da ke nuna bayanai a filayen jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin kasa, manyan tituna, alamu, da dai sauransu.
• wasu: Har ila yau, muna da wasu abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su, irin su alamun lantarki tare da allon e-ink, tufafi masu kyau, maɓalli kamar Dvorak's, wasanni, da dai sauransu.

E-paper nuni fasahar

Game da fasahar zamani, zamu iya bambanta tsakanin da yawa, duka a matakin asali da kuma a cikin nau'ikan E-Ink Corporation:

Nau'in panel

Daga cikin nau'ikan fasaha waɗanda aka haɓaka tsawon lokaci don aiwatar da allon e-Ink, dole ne mu haskaka:

• GyriconNick Sheridon ya fara haɓaka takarda ta lantarki a cikin 1970s a Cibiyar Bincike ta Palo Alto ta Xerox. Takardar lantarki ta farko, mai suna Gyricon, ta ƙunshi nau'ikan polyethylene tsakanin 75 zuwa 106 micrometers. Kowane sashe wani barbashi ne na Janus wanda ya ƙunshi robobin baƙar fata mara kyau a gefe ɗaya kuma tabbataccen cajin farin filastik a ɗayan. An saka sassan a cikin takarda na silicone mai haske, tare da kowane yanki da aka dakatar a cikin kumfa mai don haka zai iya jujjuya kyauta. Ƙimar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ga kowane nau'in lantarki guda biyu yana ƙayyade ko gefen fari ko baki yana fuskantar sama, don haka ba da pixel farin ko baƙar fata. A cikin 2007, kamfanin Estoniya Visitret Nuni yana haɓaka irin wannan nau'in nuni ta amfani da polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) a matsayin kayan aiki don sassan, da haɓaka saurin bidiyo da rage ƙarfin ikon sarrafawa da ake buƙata.
• EPD (Nuna Electrospheric): Nuni na electrophoretic yana samar da hotuna ta hanyar sake tsara abubuwan da aka caje tare da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da su. A cikin mafi sauƙin aiwatar da EPD, ɓangarorin titanium dioxide kusan milimita ɗaya a diamita suna tarwatsewa a cikin mai na hydrocarbon. Ana kuma saka rini mai launin duhu a cikin mai, tare da na'urorin da ake amfani da su na surfactants da na'urori masu caji wanda ke sa barbashi su sami cajin lantarki. Ana sanya wannan cakuda tsakanin faranti guda biyu masu kamanceceniya da juna waɗanda ke raba su da sarari na mitoci 10 zuwa 100. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki a kan faranti biyu, ɓangarorin suna yin ƙaura ta hanyar lantarki zuwa farantin da ke ɗauke da kishiyar caji zuwa na barbashi. Lokacin da barbashi suke a gefen gaba (duba) na allon, farar ya bayyana, saboda haske yana warwatse a baya ga mai kallo ta manyan abubuwan titanium. Lokacin da barbashi suke a gefen baya na allon, sai ya bayyana duhu, saboda hasken yana ɗaukar launin launi. Idan an raba na'urar ta baya zuwa jerin ƙananan abubuwa na hoto (pixels), to, ana iya ƙirƙirar hoto ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki mai dacewa ga kowane yanki na allon don ƙirƙirar yanayin yanayi mai nunawa da ɗaukar hoto. EPDs yawanci ana magance su ta amfani da fasahar transistor na bakin ciki na tushen MOSFET (TFT).
• Microencapsulated electrophoretic: A cikin 1990s, ƙungiyar ɗaliban MIT masu karatun digiri sun yi ciki kuma suka ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'in tawada na lantarki dangane da nunin lantarki na microencapsulated, wanda ya samo asali daga E-Ink Corp kuma Philips na Turai ke amfani dashi. Wannan fasaha tana amfani da microcapsules cike da fararen barbashi masu cajin lantarki da aka rataye a cikin mai mai launi. Ƙarƙashin kewayawa yana sarrafa ko fararen barbashi suna saman capsule (don haka yana kama da fari ga mai kallo) ko a ƙasan capsule (don haka mai kallo yana ganin launin mai). Wannan fasaha ta ba da izinin yin allon da zanen filastik masu sassauƙa maimakon gilashi. Ƙarfafa aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi na baya-bayan nan yana buƙatar Layer na electrodes kawai a ƙarƙashin microcapsules.
• Nunin Electrowetting (EWD): wata fasaha ce da ke sarrafa sifar keɓaɓɓen mahaɗar ruwa/mai ta hanyar wutar lantarki mai amfani. Ba tare da wutar lantarki ba, mai (mai launin) yana samar da fim mai lebur tsakanin ruwa da rufin rufin hydrophobic na lantarki, yana haifar da pixel mai launi. Ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki tsakanin wutar lantarki da ruwa, tashin hankalin tsaka-tsakin tsakanin ruwan da rufin yana canzawa, yana haifar da ruwa don maye gurbin mai, ƙirƙirar pixel na fili ko fari idan akwai farar haske mai haske a ƙarƙashin abin da za a iya canzawa. Abubuwan nuni na tushen Electrowetting suna ba da fasali masu ban sha'awa da yawa. Canjawa tsakanin fari da tunani mai launi yana da sauri isa don nuna abun ciki na bidiyo. Yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi, fasaha mara ƙarfi, kuma nuni akan tasirin zai iya zama lebur da bakin ciki. Tunani da bambanci sun fi ko daidai da sauran nau'ikan nunin nuni da kusanci halayen gani na takarda. Bugu da ƙari, fasahar tana ba da hanya ta musamman zuwa haske mai haske, nuni mai cikakken launi, wanda ke haifar da nunin nuni waɗanda suka fi haske sau huɗu fiye da LCD masu haske da sau biyu haske fiye da sauran fasahohin da ke tasowa. Maimakon yin amfani da matattarar ja, kore da shuɗi (RGB) ko madaidaicin sassan launuka na farko guda uku, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mai kyau a cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nunin da ke nuna haske a cikin launi da ake so, electrowetting yana ba da damar tsarin da ƙaramin-pixel. zai iya canza launuka daban-daban guda biyu daban-daban. Wannan yana haifar da kashi biyu bisa uku na wurin nuni yana samuwa don nuna haske a kowane launi da ake so. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar gina pixel tare da tari na fina-finan mai kala-kala masu iya sarrafa kansu tare da tace launi. Launukan su ne cyan, magenta da rawaya (RGB), wanda tsari ne mai rahusa, kwatankwacin ka'idar da ake amfani da ita wajen buga tawada. Idan aka kwatanta da LCD, ana samun haske saboda ba a buƙatar polarizers.
• Electrofluidics: shine bambance-bambancen nunin EWD wanda ke sanya tarwatsewar launin ruwan ruwa a cikin ƙaramin tafki. Wannan ajiya ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 5-10% na sararin pixel da ake iya gani don haka pigment ɗin yana ɓoye sosai daga gani. Ana amfani da ƙarfin lantarki don cire launi daga tafki da watsa shi a matsayin fim kai tsaye bayan maɓallin nuni. A sakamakon haka, nunin yana samun launi da haske mai kama da na al'ada da aka buga akan takarda. Lokacin da aka cire ƙarfin lantarki, tashin hankalin saman ruwa yana haifar da tarwatsewar launi don ja da baya cikin sauri cikin tafki. Fasaha na iya yuwuwar samar da fiye da 85% farar tunani don takardar e-paper. An ƙirƙira ainihin fasahar ne a dakin gwaje-gwajen na'urorin Novel na Jami'ar Cincinnati kuma akwai samfuran aiki waɗanda aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar Sun Chemical, Polymer Vision da Gamma Dynamics. Yana da faffadan tazara a fannoni masu mahimmanci kamar haske, jikewar launi da lokacin amsawa. Saboda kauri mai aiki na gani na iya zama ƙasa da mikromitoci 15, akwai yuwuwar yuwuwar nuni.
• Interferometric modulator (Mirasol): Interferometric modulator fasaha ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin nunin gani na lantarki wanda zai iya ƙirƙirar launuka daban-daban ta hanyar tsangwama na haske mai haske. An zaɓi launi tare da na'ura mai canza haske ta hanyar lantarki wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan rami wanda aka kunna da kashe ta amfani da ICs masu sarrafawa kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tuƙi LCD.
• Lantarki-plasmonic nuni: fasaha ce da ke amfani da nanostructures na plasmonic tare da polymers. Wannan fasaha yana nuna launuka masu fadi, babban tunani mai zaman kansa na polarization (> 50%), bambanci mai karfi (> 30%), lokacin amsawa mai sauri (daruruwan ms), da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, yana da ƙarancin wutar lantarki (<0.5mW/cm2) da yuwuwar babban ƙuduri (> 10000 dpi). Tun da ultrathin metasurfaces masu sassauƙa ne kuma polymer yana da taushi, duk tsarin zai iya tanƙwara. Abubuwan haɓakawa na gaba don wannan fasaha sun haɗa da bistability, kayan mai rahusa, da aiwatarwa tare da matrix na TFT. Kuma, don yin wannan, an yi shi da abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci ko sassa:
  • Na farko wani abu ne mai kyalli wanda aka yi da fina-finai na karfe-insulator-karfe dubun nanometer kauri wanda ya hada da ramuka-nanometer. Wadannan metasurfaces na iya nuna launuka daban-daban dangane da kauri na insulator. Za'a iya amfani da daidaitaccen tsarin launi na RGB azaman pixels don nuni mai cikakken launi.
  • Sashi na biyu shine polymer mai ɗaukar hoto wanda ake iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar yuwuwar wutar lantarki. Bayan girma da polymer akan metasurfaces na plasmonic, ana iya canza tunanin metasurfaces ta hanyar ƙarfin lantarki mai amfani.
• LCD mai nuni: Fasaha ce mai kama da LCD na al'ada, amma ana maye gurbin panel na hasken baya ta hanyar haske.

Akwai wasu fasahohin da aka ɓullo da su ko kuma suna ci gaba, kodayake na sama sune mafi mahimmanci. Misali, masu bincike suna yin babban ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don yin amfani da transistor na halitta da aka saka a cikin sassa masu sassauƙa, sauƙaƙe nunin launi ta amfani da na'urorin gani, da sauransu.

sigar e-Ink

A koyaushe ina ba da shawarar zaɓar masu karatun e-ink tare da allon e-ink maimakon allon LCD. Dalili kuwa shi ne, e-ink ba wai kawai ya kasa gajiyawa a idanunku ba, har ma yana ba ku kwarewar karatu kwatankwacin na ainihin takarda, ban da cin makamashi da yawa fiye da allon gargajiya. Lokacin zabar allon e-ink ko e-paper, ya kamata ku san cewa akwai iri-iri na fasaha samuwa a yau ta e-Ink Holdings, kamar:

• Vizplex: Wannan shine ƙarni na farko na nunin tawada e-ink, waɗanda wasu shahararrun samfuran ke amfani da su a cikin 2007.
• Lu'u-lu'u: An gabatar da wannan ci gaban shekaru uku bayan haka kuma Amazon ya yi amfani da shi don Kindle ɗin sa, da kuma a wasu samfuran kamar Kobo, Onyx da Pocketbook.
• Mobius: Yana kama da na baya, amma ya haɗa da Layer na filastik mai haske da sassauƙa akan allon don tsayayya da girgiza. Onyx, wani kamfani na kasar Sin, yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi amfani da wannan allon.
• Triton: An fara gabatar da shi a cikin 2010, kodayake an fitar da ingantacciyar sigar ta biyu a cikin 2013. Wannan fasaha ta haɗa launi a karon farko a cikin nunin tawada na lantarki, tare da tabarau 16 na launin toka da launuka 4096. Aljihu na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka yi amfani da shi.
• Harafi da Harafi HD: An sake su a cikin 2013, kuma akwai nau'i biyu daban-daban. E-Ink Carta yana da ƙuduri na 768 × 1024 px, 6 ″ a girman da ƙimar pixel na 212 ppi. Dangane da sigar e-Ink Carta HD, yana ƙaruwa zuwa ƙudurin 1080x1440 px da 300 ppi, yana riƙe da inci 6. Wannan tsari ya shahara sosai, mafi kyawun samfuran e-reader na yanzu suna amfani dashi.
• Kaleido: Wannan fasaha ta zo a cikin 2019, tare da nau'in Plus a cikin 2021 da kuma nau'in Kaleido 3 a cikin 2022. Su ne haɓakawa ga allon launi, dangane da bangarori masu launin toka ta hanyar ƙara Layer tare da tace launi. Sigar Plus ɗin ta inganta rubutu da launi don hoto mai haske, kuma Kaleido 3 yana ba da launuka masu haske, tare da 30% mafi girman launi fiye da tsarar da ta gabata, matakan 16 na launin toka da launuka 4096.
• gallery 3: Shi ne mafi kwanan nan model, kuma kawai isa a 2023, dogara ne a kan AceP (Advanced Color ePaper) don cimma mafi cikakken launuka da kuma tare da guda Layer na electrophoretic ruwa sarrafawa ta voltages jituwa tare da kasuwanci TFT jiragen sama. Fasaha ce ta e-ink mai launi wacce ke inganta lokacin amsawa, wato, lokacin da ake ɗauka don canzawa daga wannan launi zuwa wani. Misali, daga fari zuwa baki a cikin kawai 350 ms, kuma tsakanin launuka, dangane da ingancin zai iya tafiya daga 500 ms zuwa 1500 ms. Bugu da kari, sun zo tare da hasken gaban ComfortGaze wanda ke rage adadin hasken shudi da ke nunawa akan fuskar allo domin ku iya yin barci da kyau kuma kada ku haifar da damuwa mai yawa.

Future

Plastic Logic Jamus kamfani ne (mai haɓakawa + masana'anta) wanda ya samo asali azaman aikin juyawa na Laboratory Cavendish a Jami'ar Cambridge. Richard Friend, Henning Sirringhaus da Stuart Evans ne suka kafa shi a cikin 2000. Kamfanin ya ƙware a cikin haɓakawa da masana'anta Electrophoretic fuska (EPD), dangane da fasahar transistor film na zahiri (OTFT), a Dresden, Jamus. Godiya a gare su, ana iya wakilta bayanai a matsayin akan allo na al'ada, amma akan kwamiti mai sassauƙa. Ba da gudummawa mai girma ga filin na yanzu m fuska, kuma da alama cewa za su kasance nan gaba kamar yadda muke gani a lokuta da yawa. Haɗa wannan fasaha tare da ePaper ko e-Ink zai haifar da abubuwa masu kama da nauyi da sassauci ga zanen takarda, tare da duk aikace-aikacen su da fa'idodi ...